среда, 28. август 2013.

FAST & FOURIS

Fast & Furious is a 2009 American street racing action film directed by Justin Lin and written by Chris Morgan. It is the fourth installment in The Fast and the Furious film series and the third chronologically. The plot connects with the franchise's original film from which Vin Diesel, Paul Walker, Michelle Rodriguez, and Jordana Brewster reprise their roles.[2][3]

Plot

Five years after the events of The Fast and the Furious, Dominic Toretto (Vin Diesel) and his new crew, Leticia "Letty" Ortiz (Michelle Rodriguez), Leo Tego (Tego Calderón), Rico Santos (Don Omar), Cara Mirtha (Mirtha Michelle) and Han Seoul-Oh (Sung Kang), are hijacking fuel tankers in the Dominican Republic. Dominic begins to suspect the trail is too hot and leaves Leticia behind in order to protect her from harm. Several weeks later, in Panama City, Dominic gets a call from his sister, Mia Toretto (Jordana Brewster), who tells him that Leticia has been murdered by Fenix Calderon (Laz Alonzo), after getting into a near fatal car accident. Dominic heads back to Los Angeles to examine Leticia's crash and finds traces of nitromethane. He then goes to the only car mechanic that uses nitromethane and coerces him into giving him the name David Park (Ron Yuan), the man who ordered the fuel.
Meanwhile, U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation agent Brian O'Conner (Paul Walker) is trying to track down a drug dealer named Arturo Braga (John Ortiz). His search leads him to David Park. Dominic arrives at Park's apartment first and hangs him out of the window by his ankles before letting go. Brian, who was also on his way to Park's place, saves Park and Park becomes the F.B.I.'s new informant. Park gets Brian into a street race through Los Angeles. Brian selects a modified Nissan Skyline GT-R R34 from the Impound Lot. Dominic also shows up to race in his modified 1970 Chevrolet Chevelle. Gisele Yashar (Gal Gadot), the liaison for Braga, reveals that the winner will become the last driver on a team that traffics heroin between the Mexico–United States border. Dominic wins by bumping Brian's car, making him lose control. Brian uses his power as an F.B.I. agent to arrest another driver, Dwight Mueller (Greg Cipes), and takes his place on the team.
The following day, the team meets one of Braga's men. They drive across the border using underground tunnels to avoid detection. Brian had prior knowledge that, after the heroin was delivered, Braga ordered the drivers to be killed. However it was revealed to Dominic from Fenix that he killed Leticia and after a tense stand-off, Dominic detonates his car with nitrous to distract Braga's men and Brian hijacks a Hummer with $60 million worth of heroin. Both Dominic and Brian drive back to Los Angeles and hide the heroin in a police impound lot where Brian picks up a modified Subaru Impreza WRX STI. Later on, Dominic finds out Brian was the last person to contact Leticia, which results in him being attacked by Dominic before he could explain to him until he learns Leticia was working undercover for Brian, tracking down Braga in exchange for clearing Dominic's name. Brian tells his superiors that in exchange for Dominic's pardon, he will lure Braga into a trap, forcing him to personally show up to exchange money for the heroin. At the drop site, however, Ramon Campos (Robert Miano), the man who claims to be "Braga", is revealed as a decoy, and "Campos", the real Braga, escapes and flees to Mexico.
Brian and Dominic travel to Mexico on their own to catch Braga. They find him at a church and apprehend him. As Braga's henchmen try to rescue Braga, Brian and Dominic drive through the underground tunnels back to the United States. Brian crashes his car after taking fire from Braga's men. He is then injured after being T-boned by Fenix at the end of the tunnel. Before Fenix can kill Brian, Dominic drives into and kills Fenix. As police and helicopters start approaching the crash site on the American side of the border, Brian tells Dominic to leave, but Dominic refuses saying that he is tired of running. Despite Brian's request for clemency, the judge sentences Dominic to 25 years to life while Brian resigns from the F.B.I. Dominic boards a prison bus that will transport him to Lompoc penitentiary. As the bus drives down the road, Brian, Mia, Leo, and Santos arrive in their cars to intercept it, leading to the events of Fast Five.

Cast

  • Vin Diesel as Dominic Toretto, an auto mechanic, ex-convict, elite street racer and a street smart hijacker from the United States. Dominic is wanted for committing numerous semi-truck hijackings. At the beginning of the film, he is living in the Dominican Republic and drives a black Buick Grand National to hijack fuel trucks.[4]
  • Paul Walker as Brian O'Conner, a former police officer, auto mechanic and elite street racer. Brian is now an F.B.I. agent on the trail of the Mexican drug lord Arturo Braga. He drives a Nissan Skyline GT-R R34, and then switches to Subaru Impreza STI Hatchback.
  • Michelle Rodríguez as Leticia Ortiz, Dominic's girlfriend who lives with him in the Dominican Republic. She drives a silver Plymouth Satellite (with Road Runner lights).
  • Jordana Brewster as Mia Toretto, Dominic's younger sister and Brian's former girlfriend. She drives a Honda NSX-R (although she also owns a white Honda Integra Type R).
  • John Ortiz as Arturo Braga / Ramon Campos, a drug lord who wants drivers to smuggle heroin across the USA / Mexico Border.
  • Laz Alonso as Fenix Calderon, Arturo Braga's main henchman. He is also Letty's murderer (although it was revealed in Fast Five that she is alive), and he drives a green 1972 Ford Gran Torino Sport.
  • Gal Gadot as Gisele Yashar, a liaison for Braga.
  • Sung Kang as Han, a street racer and member of Dominic's crew, who also appeared in Tokyo Drift (setting this film as a prequel).
  • Jack Conley as Penning, head of F.B.I.
  • Shea Whigham as Ben Stasiak, F.B.I. agent.
  • Liza Lapira as Sophie Trinh, F.B.I. agent.
  • Tego Calderón as Leo Tego, a member of Dominic's crew.
  • Don Omar as Rico Santos, a member of Dominic's crew.
  • Mirtha Michelle as Cara Mirtha, a member of Dominic's crew and Han's girlfriend.
  • Greg Cipes as Dwight Mueller, Braga's Camaro driver.
  • Ron Yuan as David Park.
  • Disha Mysore as Laila, a street racer and member of Dominic's crew

Production

The movie cars were built in Southern California's San Fernando Valley. Around 240 cars were built for the film.[5] However, the replica vehicles do not match the specifications they were supposed to represent. For example, the replica version of F-Bomb, a 1973 Chevrolet Camaro built by Tom Nelson of NRE and David Freiburger of Hot Rod magazine, included a 300 hp crate V8 engine with a 3-speed automatic transmission, whereas the actual car included a twin-turbo 1,500 hp engine and a 5-speed transmission.[6]
The original Dodge Charger 426 Hemi R/T that was used in the original movie was a 1970, but the car in this movie was a 1969 Dodge Charger R/T 426 Hemi with a slightly modified front grill to appear as a 1970 car; the original 1970 Dodge Charger was in pieces, being totally disassembled for restoration.
The most radical vehicles built for the film were the Chevy trucks constructed for the fuel heist. Powered by 502ci GM big block motors, the '67 had a giant ladder-bar suspension with airbags using a massive 10-ton semi rear axle with the biggest and widest truck tires they could find. The '88 Chevy Crew Cab was built with twin full-floating GM 1-ton axles equipped with Detroit Lockers and a transfer case directing power to both axles and capable of a four-wheel burnouts.[7]
Another vehicle built for the film was the blue Nissan Skyline GT-R R34 owned by an uncredited owner who modified the vehicle to 1,200 horsepower and drove it at Japan's Shuto Expressway at 241 miles per hour. It was a hard car to build for the production so they made clones by acquiring Nissan Skyline 25GTs and made them look like the original car. The Skyline that was also used at the desert was actually a dune buggy using the shell of an R34.

Music

The score to Fast & Furious was composed by Brian Tyler, who recorded his score with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Newman Scoring Stage at 20th Century Fox.[8] The score album was released on CD by Varèse Sarabande Records with over 78 minutes worth of music.
The trailers for the film feature the track "We Are Rockstars" by Does It Offend You, Yeah? and a Travis Barker-remixed version of "Crank That" by Soulja Boy Tell 'Em.
The official soundtrack was released on 31 March 2009 on Star Trak. The first single from the soundtrack was titled "Blanco" and is by Pitbull featuring Pharrell Williams and is produced by The Neptunes.[8] The second single from the album is "Krazy" by Pitbull featuring Lil Jon. The track is also featured on Pitbull's album Rebelution. The third and final single from the album is "Bad Girls" by Robin Thicke. The soundtrack will also feature the song "G-Stro" by Busta Rhymes featuring Pharrell Williams and also produced by The Neptunes. The track is a leftover track from Busta Rhymes' album Back on My B.S. Amazon gave the album an average score of 3.5 out of 5, calling it a Spanish-themed rap soundtrack with mostly average tracks. Interscope and Star Trak Records released the soundtrack for the film with "Crank That" not included.
Another song that was omitted from the album was song "Rising Sun" by South Korean group TVXQ.
The Japanese version of the movie features the song "Before I Decay" by Japanese rock group The GazettE.
Also featured in the background under a club scene which was omitted from the album, was song "Ride" written by Kervins Joseph and Travis Baker, published by InDigi Avenue Music Publishing (ASCAP), courtesy InDigi Music, and Virtual Diva Performed By Don Omar.[citation needed]

Release

The film was released in the United States on 3 April 2009. It was originally set to release on 12 June 2009, but moved it up to 3 April 2009 instead. It was the first motion-enhanced theatrical film to feature D-BOX motion feedback technology in selected theaters.[9]

Reception

Critical response

Fast & Furious has received mixed to negative reviews from professional critics. The film is rated at 27% (the lowest in the film franchise) based on 171 reviews collected on the Rotten Tomatoes website[10] and 45 on Metacritic based on 27 reviews.[11]
Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gives the film a B+, saying, "Fast & Furious is still no Point Break. But it's perfectly aware of its limited dramatic mission...and...it offers an attractive getaway route from self-importance, snark, and chatty comedies about male bonding."[12] Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter thought this movie was the first real sequel to the first and also gave it a positive review, writing, "Fast & Furious is the first true sequel of the bunch. By reuniting the two male stars from the original and...continuing the story from the first film, this new film should re-ignite the franchise."[13] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times gave it a positive review, providing viewers were car fans, writing, "If you're a lover of stomach-clenching speed that turns the world into a neon blur...then Fast & Furious, the fourth edition of that metal-twisting series, should leave you exhausted and satiated for a very long time."[14]
Roger Ebert, who gave positive reviews to the previous films, gave an unfavorable review of the film, writing, "I admire the craft involved, but the movie leaves me profoundly indifferent. After three earlier movies in the series, which have been transmuted into video games, why do we need a fourth one? Oh. I just answered my own question."[15]

Box office

On its first day of release the movie grossed $30.5 million, and peaked at the top spot of the weekend box office with $70,950,500, more than Tokyo Drift earned in its entire domestic run.[16] The film had the sixth-biggest opening weekend of 2009 and was double what most industry observers expected.[17]
It also held the record for the highest-grossing opening weekend in April[18] and of any car-oriented film, the record having been previously held by Cars, which grossed $60.1 million. Both of these records were broken two years later by Fast Five, which grossed $86.2 million.[19] Fast & Furious also held the record for the highest opening weekend for a Spring release, until it was broken by Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland. Its worldwide gross on its opening weekend stands at $102.6 million[20] with $7.2 million coming from the UK, $8.6 million from Russia, $6 million in France and $3 million from Germany.[21]
As of 27 July 2011 the film had grossed a total of $155,064,265 in the United States and $363,164,265 worldwide (making it the third most successful film in the franchise behind Fast & Furious 6 and Fast Five) and is the fourth highest-grossing film in the car genre, behind Fast & Furious 6, Fast Five and Cars.[1]

Home video

Fast & Furious was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 28 July 2009.[22] The DVD is a two-disc set that includes:
  • Digital copy of the film
  • Under the Hood: Muscle Cars & Imports
  • High Octane Action: The Stunts
  • Shooting the Big Rig Heist
  • Driving School with Vin Diesel
  • Original short film Los Bandoleros, the never-before-seen short film that reveals the events leading up to the explosive beginning of Fast & Furious. It is written and directed by Vin Diesel and was produced in the Dominican Republic.[23] This has been released on the iTunes Store as a free download.
As of 29 July 2011 the DVD has sold 3,324,117 copies generating $53,879,547 in sales revenue for a combined total of $417,043,812 including worldwide movie ticket sales.[24]
It was re-released in Australia on Blu-ray including a digital copy and re-titled Fast & Furious 4 on 30 March 2011.

Sequel

Vin Diesel and Paul Walker reunited for a Fast & Furious sequel, entitled Fast Five. Justin Lin directed, while Chris Morgan wrote the screenplay. It was released in April 2011.[25]

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Fast and Furious (2009)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
  2. ^ Merrick (2008-03-06). "Another Familiar Face Is Returning For The New FAST AND THE FURIOUS Film!!". AintItCool.com. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
  3. ^ Chris Beaumont (2008-03-07). "Michelle Rodriguez Joins Walker and Diesel for The Fast and the Furious 4". FilmSchoolRejects.com. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
  4. ^ [1], http://jalopnik.com/5151136/fast-and-furious-1987-buick-grand-national-gnx, later on he switches to a silver 1971 Chevrolet Chevelle SS 424, then finally to his old 1971 Dodge Charger R/T B-body (which Letty restored).
  5. ^ More Cars and More Action in Fast & Furious Edmunds Insideline March 12th 2009
  6. ^ The F-Bomb Drops on Fast & Furious Edmunds Insideline March 13th 2009
  7. ^ Fast & Furious Movie Cars – Faster And More Furious Hod Rod Magazine, May 2009
  8. ^ a b Dan Goldwasser (2009-02-24). "Brian Tyler scores fast and furious with Fast & Furious". ScoringSessions.com. Retrieved 2009-02-24.
  9. ^ Ford, Allan (2009-04-02). "Fast & Furious 4 To Be First Theatrical D-BOX Release". Retrieved 2009-12-22.
  10. ^ "Fast & Furious". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster.
  11. ^ "Fast & Furious". Metacritic. CBS.
  12. ^ Schwarzbaum, Lisa (2009-04-01). "Fast & Furious (2009)". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
  13. ^ Honeycutt, Kirk (2009-04-02). "Film Review: Fast & Furious". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
  14. ^ Sharkey, Betsy (2009-04-03). "Video review: Fast & Furious". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
  15. ^ Roger Ebert (2009-04-01). "Fast & Furious". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2001-04-25.
  16. ^ "Daily Box Office for Friday, 3 April 2009". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com.
  17. ^ Rich, Joshua (April 5, 2009). "Fast & Furious shatters box office records". Entertainment Weekly (Time Inc.). Retrieved April 5, 2009.
  18. ^ "Walker, Diesel will return for ‘Furious’ sequel – Access Hollywood". MSNBC. 2009-04-12. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
  19. ^ Weekend Report: 'Fast Five' Packs Record Heat
  20. ^ "Fast & Furious speeds to No. 1 worldwide". Reuters. 2009-04-05. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
  21. ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3iddc0608768893d1ea8357e895cbd27c3/[dead link]
  22. ^ "Blu-ray.com – Fast & Furious Blu-ray".
  23. ^ "Vin Diesel "adores" Dominicans, presents ‘Los Bandoleros’". dominicantoday.com. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
  24. ^ "Fast & Furious – Box Office Data, Movie News, Cast Information". The Numbers. Nash Information Services. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
  25. ^ Reynolds, Simon (2010-02-04). "Universal greenlights fifth Fast And Furious". Digital Spy. Retrieved 2010-02-04.

External links

NOS NITROUS SISTEM

Nitrous and NOS

Nitrous is often used as an abbreviation for nitrous oxide, also referred to as NOS. The term NOS is derived from the initials of the company name Nitrous Oxide Systems, one of the pioneering companies in the development of nitrous oxide injection systems for automotive performance use.

Overview

When nitrous oxide decomposes, a single mole (a mole is a common scientific term for a specified number of atoms, or in this case, molecules), will release 1/2 mole of O2 molecules (oxygen gas), and one mole of N2 molecules (nitrogen gas). This decomposition allows an oxygen saturation of 33% to be reached (the produced nitrogen gas is non-combustible and does not support combustion). Air, which contains only 21% oxygen, the rest being nitrogen and other equally non-combustible and non-combustion-supporting gasses, permits a 12 percentage point lower maximum oxygen saturation than that of nitrous oxide. This oxygen is the gas which supports combustion, in that it alone combines with hydrocarbons such as gasoline, alcohol, and diesel fuel to produce carbon dioxide and water vapor, and heat, which causes these two products of combustion to expand and to exert pressure on pistons, driving the engine.
Nitrous oxide is stored as a liquid in tanks, but because of its low boiling point it vaporizes easily when released to atmosphere. When injected into an inlet manifold, this characteristic causes a reduction in air/fuel charge temperature with an associated increase in density, thereby increasing the cylinder's volumetric efficiency.
When N2O breaks down in the engine's combustion phase, there is an additional benefit to performance: the oxygen atoms in N2O, as they are freed from their bond to the nitrogen atoms release heat in an exothermic reaction, i.e. one producing more heat than was required to initiate the breakdown; contributing to the overall power increase. The additional amount of heat produced, like that achieved above by increasing the charge of fuel allowed, by use of "nitro," similarly increases engine efficiency and performance, which is directly related to the difference in temperature between the unburned fuel mixture and the hot combustion gasses produced in the cylinders.
Nitrous systems can increase power by as little as 0.5 hp (0.37 kW) or as much as 3,000 hp (2,200 kW), depending on the engine type and nitrous system type. In many applications torque gains are even greater as increased fuel is burnt at a lower rpm range and is what causes the significant improvement in acceleration. All systems are based on a single stage kit, but these kits can be used in multiples (called 2, 3 or even 4 stage). The most advanced systems are controlled by an electronic progressive delivery unit that allows a single kit to perform better than multiple kits can. Most Pro Mod and some Pro Street drag race cars use three stages for additional power, but more and more are switching to pulsed progressive technology. Progressive systems have the advantage of utilizing a larger amount of nitrous (and fuel) to produce even greater power increases as the additional power and torque is gradually introduced as opposed to being applied to the engine and transmission immediately, reducing the risk of mechanical stress and consequently damage.
Spectators can easily identify nitrous-equipped cars at the track by the fact that most will "purge" the delivery system prior to reaching the starting line. A separate electrically operated valve is used to release air and gaseous nitrous oxide trapped in the delivery system. This brings liquid nitrous oxide all the way up through the plumbing from the storage tank to the solenoid valve or valves that will release it into the engine's intake tract. When the purge system is activated, one or more plumes of nitrous oxide will be visible for a moment as the liquid flashes to vapor as it is released. The purpose of a nitrous purge is to ensure that the correct amount of nitrous oxide is delivered the moment the system is activated as nitrous and fuel jets are sized to produce correct air / fuel ratios, and as liquid nitrous is denser than gaseous nitrous, any nitrous vapor in the lines will cause the car to "bog" for an instant (as the ratio of nitrous / fuel will be too rich) until liquid nitrous oxide reaches the intake.

Types of nitrous systems

There are two main categories of nitrous systems: dry & wet. A nitrous system is primarily concerned with introducing fuel and nitrous into the engine's cylinders, and combining them for more efficient combustion. There are 4 main sub types of wet system: single point, direct port, plate, and plenum bar all of which are just slightly different methods of discharging nitrous into the plenums of the intake manifold.

Dry

In a dry nitrous system, extra fuel required is introduced through the fuel injectors, keeping the manifold dry of fuel. This property is what gives the dry system its name. Fuel flow can be increased either by increasing the pressure in the fuel injection system, or by modifying the vehicle's computer to increase the time the fuel injectors remain open during the engine cycle. This is typically done by spraying nitrous past the mass airflow sensor (MAF), which then sends a signal to the vehicle's computer telling it that it sees colder denser air, and that more fuel is needed. This is typically not an exact method of adding fuel. Once additional fuel has been introduced, it can burn with the extra oxygen provided by the nitrous, providing additional power.
Dry nitrous systems rely on a single type nozzle that only sprays nitrous through it, not nitrous and fuel. These nitrous nozzles generally spray in a 90 degree pattern.

Wet single-point

A wet single-point nitrous system introduces the fuel and nitrous together, causing the upper intake manifold to become wet with fuel. In carbureted applications, this is typically accomplished with a spraybar plate mounted between the carburetor base and the intake manifold, while cars fitted with electronic fuel injection often use a plate mounted between the manifold and the base of the throttle body, or a single nozzle mounted in the intake tract. However, most makes of nitrous systems combined with unsuitable intake designs, often result in distribution problems and/or intake backfires. Dry-flow intakes are designed to contain only air, which will travel through smaller pipes and tighter turns with less pressure, whereas wet-flow intakes are designed to contain a mixture of fuel and air. Wet nitrous systems tend to produce more power than dry systems, but in some cases can be more expensive and difficult to install.
A wet nozzle differs in the way that it takes in both nitrous and fuel which are metered by jets to create a perfect or proper air-fuel ratio (AFR). Proper atomisation of the fuel and nitrous will ensure consistent power gains.
Newer wet nitrous kits on domestic[clarification needed] cars have become increasingly easy to install by pulling fuel via the schrader valve on the fuel rail, which is normally designated as a fuel test port. It makes plumbing and using a wet nitrous kit much simpler.

Wet direct port

A wet direct port nitrous system introduces nitrous and fuel directly into each intake port on the engine. These systems are also known as direct port nitrous systems. Normally, these systems combine nitrous and fuel through several nozzles similar in design to a wet single-point nozzle, which mixes and meters the nitrous and fuel delivered to each cylinder individually, allowing each cylinder's nitrous/fuel ratio to be adjusted without affecting the other cylinders. Note that there are still several ways to introduce nitrous through a direct port system. There are several different types of nozzles and placements ranging from fogger nozzles that requires one to drill and tap the manifold, to specialty direct port E.F.I. nozzles that fit into the fuel injector ports along with the fuel injectors.
A multi-point system is the most powerful type of nitrous system, due to the placement of the nozzle in each runner, as well as the ability to use more and higher capacity solenoid valves. Wet multi-point kits can go as high as 3,000 horsepower (2,400 kW) with only one stage, but most produce less than half that amount with two, three or even four stages.[citation needed] These systems are also the most complex and expensive systems, requiring significant modification to the engine, including adding distribution blocks and solenoid assemblies, as well as drilling, tapping and constructing plumbing for each cylinder runner. These systems are most often used on racing vehicles specially built to take the strain of such high power levels. Many high-horsepower race applications will use more than one nozzle per cylinder, plumbed in stages to allow greater control of how much power is delivered with each stage. A two-stage system will actually allow three different levels of additional horsepower; for example, a small first stage can be used in first gear to prevent excessive wheelspin, then turned off in favor of a larger second stage once the car is moving. In top gear, both stages can be activated at the same time for maximum horsepower. A more recent improvement on the staged concept from WON is the progressive delivery system, which allows a simpler single stage system to act even better than multiple stages, delivering a smoothly progressive increase in power which is adjustable to suit the user requirements.

Plenum bar

Another type of system is called a plenum bar system. These are spraybars that are installed inside of the plenums of the intake manifold. Plenum bar systems are usually used in conjunction with direct port systems in multi-stage nitrous systems.

Propane or CNG

It is possible to combine the use of nitrous with a gaseous fuel such as propane or compressed natural gas. This has the advantage of being a dry system and yet still maintaining proper air/fuel mixture. Such a system requires exact choice of jet sizes and gas pressure regulation to provide a consistent pressure to the jets. Other advantages include better air/fuel mixing and distribution and less risk of knocking due to the increased octane rating of propane and CNG.

Reliability concerns

As with all modifications to increase power, the use of nitrous oxide carries with it concerns about the reliability and longevity of an engine. Due to the greatly increased cylinder pressures, the engine as a whole is placed under greater stress, especially the parts involved with the combustion chamber. An engine with components not able to cope with the increased stress imposed by the use of nitrous systems can experience major engine damage, such as cracked or destroyed pistons, connecting rods, or crankshafts.
Even if the engine is up to the task, severe damage can occur if a problem occurs in the fuel system; an engine running with nitrous oxide depends heavily on the proper air to fuel ratio to prevent detonation from occurring. For example, if the engine's fuel supply were to be reduced, this would cause the engine to run lean by whatever degree the fuel delivery was reduced, which can lead to engine knock or detonation. Depending on the engine, this may only need to occur for a matter of seconds before major damage occurs.
It is essential not to reach a fuel cut rev limit as this will also momentarily restrict the fuel flow to the engine and as nitrous is still being injected into the engine without the additional fuel the engine will again run lean and cause detonation.
Some mechanism to disable the nitrous system when knock is detected by a knock sensor would be beneficial. Ignition timing must also be watched closely when using nitrous oxide. It is said that, on a large car engine, for every 50 horsepower of nitrous used, the ignition timing must be retarded by two degrees.[citation needed] This is recommended for any stock type application. It is also recommended that high octane fuel (92 octane minimum) be used to avoid detonation.
Good optimisation of enrichment fuel is essential otherwise the fuel can 'drop out' and puddle in the intake tract, potentially causing a backfire. With a properly designed nitrous injector and correct placement of the nozzle (not too far from the intake entry point and away from any abrupt bends and restrictions in the intake tract) backfires can be avoided.

Street legality

Nitrous oxide injection systems for automobiles are illegal for road use in some countries.. For example, in New South Wales, Australia, the Roads and Traffic Authority Code of Practice for Light Vehicle Modifications (in use since 1994) states in clause 3.1.5.7.3 that The use or fitment of nitrous oxide injection systems is not permitted.[2] Nitrous is legal in street driven automobiles, only if the feed line from the bottle is disconnected or if the bottle is dry (empty) or simply closed.[citation needed]. In Great Britain, there are no restrictions on use of N2O in but the modification does have to be declared to the insurance company, which will undoubtedly require a higher premium for Motor Vehicle insurance or could refuse to insure. Regulations in Australia vary by State, but is banned in New South Wales.
In Germany, despite its strict TÜV rules, a nitrous system could be installed and used legally in a street driven car. The requirements for the technical standard of the system are similar to those of aftermarket natural gas conversions, especially for the gas bottles. Since the car still has to meet its emission standards, which depend on the cars year of construction, its easier for older cars.

Racing rules

Sanctioning bodies in motor sports allow nitrous oxide use in some classes. It is legal in IHRA competition in Pro Modified, Top Sportsman, and Top Dragster.
In 1976, NASCAR fined many drivers for doing so ; in June 1998, the NHRA suspended Pro Stock driver Jerry Eckman and car owner Bill Orndorff for a year, stripped the team of all points, and imposed a fine for violations. The team closed down shortly after the suspension. Eckman later served as a crew chief on Pro Stock teams, but waited until 2012 to regain his competition licence in order to help tune for the team he was working.

History

A similar basic technique was used during World War II by Luftwaffe aircraft with the GM-1 system to maintain the power output of aircraft engines when at high altitude where the oxygen content is lower. Accordingly, it was only used by specialized planes like high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft, high-speed bombers and high-altitude interceptors.
British World War II usage of nitrous oxide injector systems were modifications of Merlin engines carried out by the Heston Aircraft Company for use in certain night fighter variants of the de Havilland Mosquito and PR versions of the Supermarine Spitfire.